Ethical Treatment of Prisoners

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Iris J. O’Halloran Soc 120 Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Brett Cross April 8, 2013 Today there are millions of people in prison throughout the United States; because of this fact the ethical treatment of prisoners is a topic that has been analyzed by many on a constant basis. Many modifications have been made to help accommodate inmates and try and maintain their human rights. Ethics according to Mosser, K (2010), is the study of moral values of human’s behavior. Ethics are also rules and principles that are meant to control the behavior of humans.According to Mosser K, (2010) there are different theories that philosophers have come up with to explain the meaning of ethics. These theories have different approaches on how to handle the issue of ethical treatment of prisoners. When it comes to the question about the ethical treatment of prisoners, researchers have come up with many answers, but have society done enough reg arding the ethical treatment of prisoners or has society made their lives in prison to easy and because of this life in prison is no longer a punishment for inmates?According to an article which was written in the BJpsych by Dr. Luke, Birmingham prisoners encounter numerous maltreatments while in prison. Dr. Birmingham states that one of the major maltreatments prisoners suffer while in prison is the way their mental illness is dealt with while in prison. Mental disorder is more widely among people in prison that it is in the general population. There are prisoners who require being transfer to psychiatric hospitals for treatment, but these prisoners face long delays.According to Birmingham doctors who work in prisons face ethical and legal dilemmas posed by prisoners with mental illness. Another issue that these inmates encounter while in prison is solitary confinement. According to another article written in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, which was written by Doctor Metzner and Fellner Esq, in recent years officials have turned to solitary confinement as a way to manage very dangerous and hard to handle prisoners. Many of these prisoners who are placed in isolation which can be there for years have severe mental illness.The conditions of solitary confinement can make these prisoners more violent or in some instance provoke recurrence. When prisoners are placed in solitary confinement the rules restrict the nature and how much mental health services they can receive. According to Metzner and Fellner another issue is the fact that doctors who work in US prisons face very difficult ethical challenges which rice from poor working conditions, loyalties to patience and employers, and the stress between reasonable medical practice and the prison rules and culture.Doctors are confronting a new challenge in recent years, the prolonged solitary confinement of inmates with severe mental illness; this is a corrections practice that has be come prevalent even knowing the psychological harm it can cause these inmates. Doctor Metzner and Fellner believe that solitary confinement can be psychological stressor, that in many cases can be a clinically stressor and it can be as harmful as physical torture. United States prison officials have raised solitary confinement to a mean of punishment and to control difficult or dangerous prisoners.Tens of thousands of inmates spend years locked up 23 to 24 hours a day in very small cells that have solid steel doors. These prisoners live with high surveillance and they do not have simple social interactions, they only have three to five hours a week of recreation alone in caged enclosures. These prisoners have little if any at all educational, vocational, or other purposeful activities. The prisoners in solitary confinement are handcuffed and often shackled every time they leave their cells.According to Metzner and Fullner confinement can cause psychological damage to any prisoner, t he severity of the impact depends on the individual, also in the duration, and conditions of the confinement. These psychological effects include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, obsessive thoughts, paranoia, and psychosis. The unfavorable effects of solitary confinement are important to a person with severe mental illness.Because of the stress and because these prisoners are kept away from social contact and days without structure this can increase symptoms or provoke recurrence. Cases of suicides occur more often in segregation units than anywhere else in prison. Many of these prisoners will not get better as long as they are kept in isolation. Psychologists often cannot make less harsh the harm that is associated with isolation. Services provided in segregation units are limited.Services such as individual therapy, group therapy, structured educational, recreational, life skill enhancing activities and many other therapeutic options are often not available due to insufficient resources and also the rules that require the prisoners to remain in their cells. According to Metzner and Fellner studies have shown that eight to 19 percent of prisoners have psychiatric disorders, this can result in a large functional disabilities. Another 15 to 20 percent do require some form of psychiatric intervention while in prison.Metzner and Fellner state that a survey done on correctional systems showed that 15 percent or more of their prisoners had been diagnosed with a mental illness. Many correctional health care providers struggle with the lack of resources and the large caseloads that can often limit the services they can provide their patients. The ethical way for these health care professionals to handle these situations is to do the best they can under the circumstances instead of resigning, which would result in less services for these prisoners.According to Metzner and Fellner it is ethical for psychologist to treat inmate s who have been abused, and that they should also take measures to end this abuse. These health professionals should not only provide services to mental ill prisoners, but they should also try and change the prison’s system and segregation policies and if that fails these health professionals should go public. Although going public with these prison issues can be difficult to do for these health professionals because of the risk of losing their jobs, they should not do this task alone. Their professional organizations should help them.These organizations should realize that prolonged segregation of prisoners with severe mental illness violates basic tenets of mental health treatment. The standards of the NCCHC recommend that mentally ill inmates be excluded from extreme isolation, the placement of these prisoners into these conditions can clinically deteriorate their condition and it will not improve. These are only a recommendation done by NCCHC. Because very few APA and AMA physicians have experience or have knowledge about correctional mental health care, they are not familiar with the difference between general population housing unit and a segregation nit, therefor the recommendations cannot be made mandatory instead of optional. Metzner and Fellner state that a serious educational effort must be established so that none correctional mental health practitioners have a better understanding of the world in which their correctional co-workers work in, and to better understand the challenges they face, including the isolation of severe mental ill patients for month at a time and sometimes years.According to Metzner and Fellner studies have shown that prisons can operate safely and they can be securely without putting prisoners that have mental illness in segregation. In some prisons mentally ill prisoners are given more time outside their cells, and they are also provided with group therapy and other therapeutic interventions. These improved clinical r esponses to prisoners with mental illness have been achieved with little sacrifice to needed control of prisoners who willfully violate prison rules.Mental health organizations should acknowledge that is unethical to keep silence about the conditions of confinement and the harm that this confinement cause inmates, and violates human rights. These organizations should also make sure that practitioners provide ethical services to segregated prisoners with mental illness, and they should also strive to change harmful segregation policies. The organizations should also make use of their institutional authority to press for nationwide rethinking of the use of isolation.By doing this the medical commitment to ethics and human rights would be well served. According to another article which was written in the National Academy of Science, the conditions of confinement in today’s prisons have the same features that were of concern to the national commission for the protection of human behavioral research about 30 years ago. However new factors have emerged that will require consideration. These factors are the correctional population has grown from 1. million to almost seven million between 1978 and 2004, because of tougher sentencing laws and the war against drugs. According to the article due to the closing of large state mental institutions, prisons have become the new mental illness asylums. Health care in some of these prisons is very poor. Many class actions have been put in place about the inadequate of state prisons health-care system. According to the article a high number of prisoners suffer from infectious deceases, chronic diseases, and mental illness.A three year study that was requested by congress and that was done in May 2002 by the National Commission of correctional health care revealed that thousands of prisoners are being released into communities every year with deceases that were not diagnosed and were not treated while they were in prison. According to the article while in prison white inmates were more likely than black and Hispanic inmates to receive mental health treatment. Without the necessary treatment mentally ill prisoners suffer painfully symptoms and often their condition deteriorates.The article states that prisons were never intended to be mentally ill facilities, yet that is one their primary role today. Often man and woman that cannot afford to get mental illness help in their communities are swept away into criminal justice system after they commit a crime. In the United States there three times more mentally ill people in jail than in mental hospitals, inmates have mental issues that are two to four times higher than members of the general public. The New York Times conducted a yearlong examination of prison health services; this examination revealed that in many instances the medical care was inadequate and lethal.According to the National Academy of Science the New York City department of health and mental hygiene showed that at Rikers Island and at a jail in lower Manhattan the prison health failed to earn a passing grade on 12 of 39 performance standards, these performance standards are set by the city to evaluate the treatment of inmates. The prison health did not meet standards on practices from HIV and diabetes therapy to timely distribution of medication to properly conducting mental health evaluations.An article written in the American Bar Association, standard of treatment of prisoners, (2010) states that in February 2010, the ABA House of Delegates approved a set of ABA criminal justice standards on treatment of prisoners. The new standards supplant prior ABA criminal justice standards. Standard 23-2. 5, Health Care Assessment, this standard states each prisoner should receive a comprehensive medical and mental health assessment and these should be done by a qualified medical and mental health professional and it should be provided no later than 14 days after admission to a correctional facility.This medical treatment should be done periodically thereafter, and it should include mental health screening. Dental examinations should also be done by a dentist or trained personnel directed by a dentist and they should be done within 90 days of admission this if the prisoner’s confinement exceeds one year and it should be done annually thereafter. Standard 23-2. 6 Rationales for Segregated housing, states correctional authorities should only place prisoners in segregation if it relates to discipline, security, and ongoing investigation of misconduct or crime, protection from harm, medical care, or mental health care.This segregation should be for a brief time and under the least restrictive conditions practicable. When necessary due to an investigation, correctional facilities should be permitted to confine an inmate to segregation for a period of no more than 30 days. Standard 23-2. 8, Segregated housing and mental health, this standard states no inmate who is diagnosed with serious mental illness should be placed in long term segregated housing. The implementation of these few standards has improved the treatment of inmates across the country, but there are still many correctional facilities that require more improvements.According to Mosser, K (2010) there are different ways in which the ethical treatment of prisoners can be dealt with. Mosser states that there are different theories that philosophers have come up with to explain ethics. Three main theories are Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue ethics. There are also three different approaches to these ethics theories, Relativism, Emotivism and ethical Egoism. All of them give a different approach and a different solution to the ethical treatment of prisoners.The Utilitarianism is the theory that one should choose to do that which produces a better outcome for the largest number of people. This theory evaluates whether an act is wright of wrong in terms of the acts consequences. Mosser, (2010). Deontology states that are ones duty an obligation to threat other people with respect, human beings have dignity and we must take that dignity into consideration when dealing with them. Deontology can lead to results that contradict common sense and the conception of right and wrong.Another theory is Virtual ethics this theory looks at the character of the person performing the act. There are three different approaches to the theories according to Mosser, K. (2010), these are Relativism, Emotivism, and Ethical Egoism. Relativism according to Mosser is ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, and one’s individual values. Emotivism according to Mosser, it sees our moral evaluations as the expression of whether we respond to a given act by liking it, or not liking it.This approach involves emotional feelings. Ethical egoism, this approach contrast with ethical theories of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and most religions. Ethical egoism according to Mosser states that our moral evaluations should be made in terms of our desires and goals. After evaluating all of the different theories and approaches to these theories, I would have to agree with the theory of Utilitarianism as being the best approach as how to solve the ethical treatment of prisoners.I would also have to agree with the Deontology theory, because I strongly agree that even though prisoners have committed a crime they should be treated with dignity after all they are still humans. From the three approaches to the main theories, relativism, emotivism, and ethical egoism, I would say relativism would help resolve the problem with a more positive outcome. Because relativism indicates that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society and culture, the majority of our society believes that if you commit a crime you should pay for it.The theory of Utilitarianism states that the mor al worth of an action should be determined by its usefulness in increasing utility and reducing negative utility. The ethical treatment of prisoners has for the most part improved. Standards have been put in place to aid these issues and help the improvement of the treatment of prisoners. For the most part the whole world has a moral code on how people should behave themselves, and what is wrong and wright. It is a worldwide fact that to commit murder is wrong, it is wrong to steal, and to intentionally hurt another human being physically.The utilitarian theory can be used in jails to help prisoners correct their behavior, and when prisoners do not have a life sentence they can come out into society with a better look on life and not a negative one like when they first went into prison. I know that some crimes can be horrific in nature and once we have looked at those horrific crimes we can become outraged and very angry, but if we can keep an open mind and be humanitarian towards t hose criminals we can find some kind of peace in our hearts. References Jeffrey L. Metzner. M. D and Jamie Fellner Esq.Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in US prisons: A challenge for medical ethics. www. jaapl. org/content/38/1/104. full Mark, Earthrowl, John, O’Grady, and Luke Birmingham. Providing treatment to prisoners with mental disorders: development of a policy. Bjp. rcpsych. org/content/182/4/299. short Standards on Treatment of Prisoners. http://www. americanbar. org/publications Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility. San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education, Inc. Banks, C. (2004) Criminal Justice ethics: theory and practice. SAGE

Eschools as Organisations Post 16 Options for Young People and Adults Essay

1. 2 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults: – Once a young person has reached year 11 there are a number of choices to make about their future, this could be choosing a new course at school or college or entering employment and training. These options will give them a good base on building a future career. Post 16:- Continue in full time education either sixth form or at a local college. Depending on their results they can choose from the list below:- Post 17:- If they have just completed a one-year course, following Year 12, they may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs and training:- Post 18:- Following Year 13, they will have a number of choices to make about their future. They may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs or training. List of options for post 16, 17 and 18. Course at entry level- Entry level courses do not require any exam passes and usually take one or two years to complete, a course at this level is an – Entry Level Certificate. Course at Level 1(foundation Level) – Foundation level courses do not usually require any exam passes. Depending on which course they do it usually takes either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: -Introductory Certificates/Diplomas -National First Award (level 1) -National certificate/Award (level 1) -GCSEs -NVQ Level 1 Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (foundation Level) All foundation Level courses can lead to higher level courses or work and training. Courses at level 2 (intermediate level) – Intermediate Level courses may require two or three passes at grades D–G and they usually take two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: – GCSEs – First Certificates/Diplomas – National Certificates/Awards (Level 2) – NVQ Level 2 – Foundation Apprenticeship – Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Intermediate) All Intermediate Level courses can lead to higher level course or jobs with training. (Providing they get the grades required). Courses at level 3 (advanced level) Four or five GCSEs at grades A*- C or equivalents are usually required for entry. Depending on the type of course, they generally take either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: – AS/A levels, including applied A levels – National Diploma – International Baccalaureate – Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Advanced) †¢ NVQ Level 3 – Apprenticeship. All Advanced Level courses can lead to higher education or jobs and training (providing they get the grades required in the appropriate subjects). Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification:- The Welsh Bac is now becoming available to more learners throughout Wales in schools, colleges and work-based settings. It allows for more flexibility in their studies. They will also develop skills and learning styles that prepare you for further and higher education, as well as the world of work. The Welsh Bac consists of two parts: Core – consisting of five components: – An Individual Investigation (which is like a project) into a subject of their own choice. – Wales, Europe and the World – Key Skills – Work-related education – Personal and social education. Options – where they choose from course/programmes that are currently offered, for example: – GCSE – AS/A levels – VCE (Vocational A levels) – NVQ – BTEC – OCR-*- New Principal Learning and Project Qualification will also be available as option within the Welsh Bac. Apprenticeships: Apprenticeships bring them formal qualifications and highly specific work skills. They must be employed so they will be earning while they learn. They can also use Apprenticeship as a stepping stone to higher qualifications. As an Apprentice, their skills and role are respected, many top managers started out by learning a trade and understanding how the organisation works from the ground up. To gain access to an apprenticeship applicants would need: — Four or five GCSEs at grade C or above are usually needed. – They’d be paid while they learn the skills that employers are looking for. – They’d gain an NVQ Level 3 qualification as an Apprentice or a Level 2 qualification as a foundation Apprentice. Higher Apprenticeships are also available at a Level 4 or above. Traineeships: If the student was leaving school or college a Traineeship could help them get the skills needed to get a job or progress to further learning at a higher level, for example Apprenticeships or further education. In most cases they can start on a Traineeship at any point during the year and they don’t need any formal qualifications to access the programme. There are different levels of Traineeship. (Post 18) †¢ Engagement: If they are finding it difficult to find the right job, get into work or develop their skills and learning, this level will help prepare them for the world of work or full time learning. This level can include work placements, community projects or training. Level 1: If they know what career they want to follow and are ready for full-time learning at Level 1, this level will allow them to progress their skills further in their chosen subject and can also include work placements and community projects. If they have successfully completed a Level 1 and are still out of work, they maybe eligible to start learning at Level 2. Voluntary work: As well as doing something worthwhile and rewarding in its own right, voluntary work can also be a good way of gaining skills and experience, especially if they don’t find a job or training right away. It also looks good on a CV. Youth Gateway: If they need some extra help and support before applying for a course, job or training, Youth Gateway is a short programme run by Careers Wales to help them with identifying and developing skills, job search, making applications and choosing suitable courses. Information on this can found at the local Careers Wales Centre. Direct. Gov [15 April 2012] www. education. gov. uk [1 April 2012 wales. gov. uk [ 1 April 2012].

Georgetown Cupcake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Georgetown Cupcake - Essay Example Introduction The paper intends to provide an overview of an American bakery company, i.e. Georgetown Cupcake’s current status in the market, their history, along with the products and services they offer to satisfy the needs of the customers. The study also analyses the marketing strategies of Georgetown Cupcake. The study further concentrates on the weaknesses and threats of this organization with the intention to develop an effective market plan. History of Georgetown Cupcake Georgetown Cupcake was established by the two sisters, named Katherine Kallins and Sophie LaMontagne in Georgetown, Washington DC. These sisters are very passionate about preparing the cupcakes and designing them beautifully to turn them as artful and delicious as well. Both the sisters were encouraged and inspired by their grandmother to commence Georgetown Cupcake and hence they established it on February 2008 as decade’s first and the single cupcakery (Georgetown Cupcake, â€Å"The Cupcake Sisters†). Georgetown Cupcake maintains a healthy relationship with their community participating in most of the events in their neighborhood. Georgetown Cupcake also supports the national charitable organizations and the local charitable organizations too. They have already earned sustainable goodwill in the US market as their products are also loved and praised by their consumers. Thus, the organization has also earned substantial customer satisfaction within its short-term performance (Georgetown Cupcake, â€Å"The Cupcake Sisters†). They have donated more than 10,000 pieces of cupcakes to charitable organizations and other charitable causes. Georgetown Cupcake assists the government in reducing the unemployment rate to an extent. They offer various facilities and benefits to the employees serving them with health insurance amenities, paid vacations and sick leaves, along with invitations to special occasions and events. Georgetown Cupcake also praises and gives awards to the employee s on the basis of their performance and tends to encourage and motivates them for their better contribution to the productivity of the organization (Georgetown Cupcake, â€Å"The Cupcake Sisters†). The Market Scenario of Georgetown In Georgetown, Georgetown Cupcake faces competition from other well known bakery organizations. Some of the major competitors in its target market are Baker and Wired, Georgetown Scoops and Sprinkles. The community of Georgetown is observed to be enthusiastic cake lovers. At times, experts have also observed that the bakery market dominates other junk food markets. Moreover, the product seems to be cost effective to the consumers as well as easily available as stated by the residents of the Georgetown. Besides, another reason behind the growth of the market is that a standard cake consumes thirty five to forty minutes to be baked, whereas the cupcakes consume hardly ten to fifteen minutes to be baked. On the similar context, according to the bakers , the standard cakes requires a certain span of time, i.e. at least one hour to be decorated for final presentation, whereas cupcakes take only 20 minutes to be made consumable (Key, â€Å"Cupcake-Mania Sweeping the Streets of Georgetown†). Georgetown Cupcake has already acquired a large market share than the other competitors. For instance, in US, a huge amount of customers await in the queues in front of the shop to purchase the cupcakes. Georgetown Cupcake is well reputed as DC cupcakes among tourists visiting the city. However, Georgetown Cupcakes can also be observed to possess certain advantages along with few disadvantages in relation to its organizational operations. For instance, one of the competitors of the organization, i.e. Georgetown Scoops claims that they bake the best cupcakes in town. They have also applied a

Small and Medium Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small and Medium Enterprises - Essay Example OECD (2009) in one its recent reports states that SMEs happen to be key generators of employment and income while driving the innovation and growth potential. In the OCED area half of the labour force has been employed by the SMEs only. Figures of UK employment indicate that out of 4.7 million business establishments in UK 99.3 percent were small firms with about 50 employees, while only 0.6 percent firms were there with 50-249 employees. With globalisation, the management of SMEs have now started giving more thought towards the viability of the venture in the long-term before making strategic decisions for acquiring different types of resources. The global financial crisis has also impacted the functioning of this sector quite adversely, because they do not have the desired backup of resources, which is available to the larger enterprises. While on the one hand many multinational enterprises have started leveraging the economies of operation in different regions or countries the SME s are bound to look for ways to contain the damage within the limited areas of their operation. While it is believed that even under normal circumstances, SMEs require specific policies and programmes for their survival and growth, under the global financial crisis, it appears all the more crucial that they are in a position to find out a friendly government. While on the one hand the government wishes to have more investment from abroad, thus facilitating the MNCs entry into the country, on the other the safeguard of SMEs interests happens to be a major political issue in the country. Definition Though SMEs exist in good numbers everywhere around the globe, but there is no uniformity on the definition of SME because of practical considerations. Each country has different classifications of SMEs. Some countries define SMEs based on the number of employees, while others depend on the value of the assets. In general, the lower employment limit for a small enterprise is between five to ten workers and the upper limit is between 50 to 100 workers. Similarly the upper limit for a medium enterprise is usually set between 100 and 250 employees. However, it is difficult to adopt one definition of SMEs in all the countries, because the state of the SMEs also depends on the size of the markets or the economy in which they are operating. For example, a firm with 50 employees in the USA would be considered smaller (relative to the size of the U.S. economy) than a firm of this size in Bolivia. In UK, sections 382 and 465 of the Companies Act 2006 define SME based on the turnover and numbe r of employees1. A company with a turnover of not more than 3.26 million and not more than 50 employees is considered a small company and a company with turnover of not more than 25.9 million, with not more than 250 employees is termed as medium sized company. Importance of SMEs Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in a nation's economy. They are resources for innovation and they provide a wide base of employment. In addition, SMEs are the most essential sector for a healthy dynamic market economy. Chew

FOUNDATIONS OF SCHOLARSHIP & RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FOUNDATIONS OF SCHOLARSHIP & RESEARCH - Essay Example The information systems have given enormous facilities to human and data management factors. This piece of work also contains information systems’ services to build mega projects (Link, 2008). The role of business professionals and IT professionals is very significant and inevitable. The professionals, in an organisation, focus on information administration, central systems and framework for smooth operations. As Walters and Tang (2006) state: â€Å"IT-enabled strategic management must address the role of IT plays in the strategy content options and priorities, strategy formulation processes and strategy implementation processes. Strategic management focuses on the identifying the direction of an organization, and designing and instituting major changes needed to gear the organization towards moving in the established directions†. (pp. 02) Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2009) articulate that IT provides the tools for quality of services QoS and risk management in the process of strategic management. The study aims are to explore and identify the parameters and correlations between strategic management and information technology. Some factors of the understanding reflections in the affiliation among appropriate features and configuration, and the impacts of IT on business strategies, are discussed. This paper reveals some new avenues of information concerns and designing enterprises’ needs. Furthermore, in the practice of strategic management, the socio-technical factors also described. Project analysis, according to strategy, normally is completed for the reasons that adhered with vision, outcomes, administration and control (Sadler and Craig, 2003). The increasing complexities of organisations have created welcome environment for information technology in which the strategies are geared up for developing new grounds. IT supplies the accuracy, consistency and systematic framework to

Clean and Sober Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clean and Sober - Essay Example This is rarely in a recreational manner. In fact, for addicts it is clear that their use of drugs has dominated their lives and is dramatically affecting how they perform their day to day activities as well as the most important relationships in their lives (Blum, 2). For Daryl it is clear he needs cocaine in order to go about his daily business. He meets a woman in a bar and does cocaine with her. It is evident that this is the only way he can have relationships with people, the only thing that makes his life worth living. It consumes his thoughts. He wants friends to send him cocaine, he wants cocaine to be the biggest part of his life. He has no real esteem from his work, only from the drugs he uses. The same is true of Charlie, who is also addicted. You can see how small her life has become because of her addiction and how trapped she is in the vicious circle that is her dependence. Not only does it harm you physically, but it brings into your life people who have a very negative impact. Her husband is abusive and life with him is like riding a roller-coaster. She is made very vulnerable by her addiction and is easy to exploit. Daryl is a little different in that he is exploited by himself not by others. He does serious damage to his career by stealing and is a very difficult person to control. A serious problem relating to addiction is that it affects the way you behave. You become irresponsible and disinhibited. You don't know why you do the things you do, you just do them. This often has serious consequences and often leads to a downward spiral. All that really separates us from the animals is our sense of cause and effect: if we are disinhibited we no longer care about what happens because of what we do. In the film, this is evident at several moments. One of the most significant is near the beginning when Daryl realizes the girl in his bed has had a heart attack. He tries to hide the evidence of the drug use, an act which reveals how disinhibited he is . He should simply take responsibility for his actions and tell the police the truth. Another example is how he embezzles nearly one hundred thousand dollars from his employer. This action has severe consequences but he doesn't seem to care at the time. He can't think through from one step to the next. It is clear that addiction is a serious social problem that affects many people. The rehab centre is proof of this. The relationships between Charlie and her husband is definitely evidence of this. Their co-dependency is a perfect illustration of how addiction can be a social disease (Lawson, 12). Both of these two people reinforce one another's addiction, making things much worse for both of them. People with this kinds of addictions need real professional help (Boyd, 20). Each of the characters in this film have roles to play. Daryl is clearly the self-destructive type, who has trouble realizing the consequences of his actions. He is facing down a lot of demons. Richard is the wise therapist-figure who has seen it all. He is very supportive, the kind of person an addict comes to for help. Charlie and her husband are co-dependents who are destroying one another. Each of these roles interact in the film in interesting ways. For example, we Daryl sliding into Richard's role with regards to Charlie. In a sense, he is becoming her counsellor, trying to break the cycle of dependence she shares with her husband. The treatment process

Asian Carp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asian Carp - Essay Example Asian Carp are filter feeders, feeding on zooplankton, phytoplankton and organic particles that are suspended in water columns. They have a very large filtering capacity and their maximum size can reach greater than 3 feet long and 100 pounds (Butz, pg. 20). They have been found in the Illinois River since the 1990's. The problem is that to grow to that size, they have voracious appetites. The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) have been catching them in the routine monitoring of the La Grange Reach, Illinois River since 1995 and 1998. The population has increased rapidly since 2000 and now dominates the fish community on the La Grange Reach (Sharp, pg. 42). They are in constant contest for the same feeding grounds with river fishes such as gizzard shad and bigmouth buffalo and the shad and buffalo are losing. In fact, the buffalo and gizzard are not being eaten, they continue to lose size and weight until they die so they are just being starved out. Most recently Asian Carp DNA has been found east of the Chicago lock which is just 8 miles from the entrance into Lake Michigan. There has now been a great deal of controversy over closing the Chicago lock and canal. The canal and lock manage most of the shipping business for the State of Illinois as well as the sewage from Chicago. This would lead to decreased shipping and a large loss of income for the people of Chicago and the State of Illinois but it would also affect other nearby States. The problem is that if the Carp get into Lake Michigan, there will be no controlling them and the Lake could be decimated of its fish population and the commerce related to it, which is already a fragile eco-system (Guarno, 2010). The Lakes have been a matter of eco-system work for some years. At one point, Lake Michigan was so dirty that it was not wholly safe to eat the fish. It has taken many years and millions of dollars to clean the eco-system up which is just beginning to thrive again. Recently in an effort to stop the invasive species without closing the Chicago lock more than a dozen Federal, State, and Local agencies got together to do some major poisonings and held a press conference in November. Biologist fear the fish will devastate the lakes to the tune of $7 billion in destruction of fishery so it was allowed to dump 2200 gallons of poison in the Chicago canal. The total cost of the poison and those to perform this task was 3 million dollars. Dead fish were dragged from the water and there was only one Asian Carp among them. However, this does not mean they did not exist and the they have not reached Lake Michigan. It is believed that they will have to adapt the Lake because they spawn in fast moving water but studies prove that they adapt quickly. They also have the advantage of being a non-native species in the sense that studies now show that non-native species have a better chance of surviving in climate changes which are occurring because they have already adapted once. The White has held the Asian Carp Summit in a effort to deal with the fish as well as the methods of bringing non-native species of animals to the United States under any circumstances. A secondary issue that is being discussed is the fact that this species would not be moving into the Lake if man did not consistently change eco-systems to provide for themselves and the Chicago canal is an example. Though it does have fish blocks up, they may get

Fianl report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fianl report - Essay Example GE discourages this approach by developing research based culture which promotes the employees to provide their input in the programs of continuous improvement. General Electric, commonly known as GE, is a US based company. It is well known for its wide range of specialized products and services. These products include aircraft engines, home appliance like dyers, washers, cook-tops, and many other devices that are used in healthcare facilities (GE.com). All these products and services are based on top notch technologies. The business of GE is spread in more than 160 countries of the world. China, India, Japan, Taiwan, Pakistan, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Singapore, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, New Zealand and Australia are only a few names. GE is present in many European, African and American countries as well (GE.com). The total task force of GE consists of 36,000 employees. GE calls them technologists instead of employees. This term does not only reflect technology orientation of GE but also gives employees a commitment with technology. It recruits people from all over the world ensuring the best return of their talent. The strategy of valuing its employees pays GE fairly well both in short and long term. Operations management is generally defined as the management of processes converting input into output. This basic definition contains vast meaning and many organizational functions are covered in this domain. The classical Economics theories identified land, labor and capital as inputs or factors of production and the output was the core product. The contemporary management literature considers man, money, media and material as inputs to the organizational processes while outputs are categorized as quality and quantity of the product. Operations management is an inevitable function in any organization (Greasley, 3) and it is the core factor determining success or

Cultural Experience Essay Example for Free

Cultural Experience Essay 1. The museum I visited was the Smithsonian mem  orial holocaust museum in DC. http://www.ushmm.org/ 2. The museum had very informational facts of the challenges faced for victims of the holocaust. There are many educational pieces all throughout the museum. 3. Upon entering the holocaust museum, you will notice the dim lights and eerie sounds coming from the speaker. Also, the walkway is actually a timeline beginning with WWI. There are many artifacts of victims on display. 4. Walking through the museum, I felt a lot of remorse and emotions for the victims of the Holocaust. The most influential moment of the tour is a pile of shoes worn by the victims. The shoe pile is stacked very high and ranges in many sizes. I was emotional of the encounter because it showed me a real example of men, women, and children innocently killed for a radical idea. 5. During week two of our class, we had read about the differences of religion and the culture it brings. We also discussed about the challenges people would face based on their religion. I think this tie in with my topic for this report. The challenge Jews had faced during the holocaust had left an imprint in history. They were out casted in most of central Europe during the Nazi rule. I also believe that the Holocaust ties in with the discussion of humanities because it is a life lesson that had a major impact in history. It has taught us the significance of what a radical idea can do and how it affects people. 6. Here is a link to the â€Å"ID cards† used in the museum but can also be found online. http://www.ushmm.org/remember/id-cards Collection of shoes found in the Smithsonian Holocaust Museum. 7. This experience had really affected my feelings toward genocide victims. I felt lots of remorse and sadness for the people who had to endure the pains of the holocaust. With this experience, I view the human culture of the past to be different of todays. I believe as time progresses, and the learning of past mistakes, we try to and become more positive of ethics. 8. Although this experience does not directly affect me, I understand more of what is going on around the world. My experience here as opened my eyes to genocide and the horrid effects of what it can do to a population. During WWI and WWII, there were many deaths because of a radical ideological man, Adolf Hitler. He was the supreme leader of the Nazi forces and had envisioned to rule the world. Aside from the deaths of combat, there was a mass genocide of innocent Jews which accounted for more than five million deaths. Many of the victims ranged from the youngest to the eldest with executions of the most horrid way imaginable. Many Holocaust memorials were built around the world to remind people of the cruel event to which the Jews had to endure. My experience in the Smithsonian Holocaust Museum was very interesting. I have only heard of the Holocaust in grade school and textbooks. However coming here, I was hit with a big impact of emotions from the display of antiques from the victim. In the museum there are authentic photograph and artifacts used and worn by Jews during the genocide. With tons of information and videos, I felt like I understood more and more the anguish the victims had to endure. I also learned of the torture devices used by soldiers to kill the victims. Cold blooded methods such as gas chambers, fire pits, and death squads are only a few of the many tactics used during the mass genocide. Walking through the museum, I found the most influential section to be a room filled with old shoes piled high. I was particularly focused on it because the shoes were worn and used by actual victims in concentration camps. The shoes were collected after the executions and were reissued to other prisoners who would cycle through. It was a hard sight to see because some of the shoes had dried blood which signified the torture they had gone through. I was literally speechless with  the sight. Genocides are still happening today all over the world. Although the ban of genocide is an international law created by the Geneva Convention, mass killings have since continued after the holocaust. The most notable places are in rural Africa. Many victims are living in constant fear because of their belief in their religion.

World Peace Essay Example for Free

World Peace Essay Have you ever wondered if world peace is something that we truly desire? If so, why haven’t we started doing something in order to achieve it? I’m going to tell you why: Because it doesn’t exist. Peace has become one of the most important everlasting issues in all centuries, and it’s a concept that will continue to haunt future generations as long as we keep on doing nothing to make it happen. It is an utopian idea which consists of respecting each other’s beliefs and ideals. This means having patience towards others who are different from us, no matter what their skin colour is, age, ethnic group, sex, social status or sexual preference. Currently, one of the most popular social issues is homophobia. Homophobes, they’re people who will never accept gays and lesbians because of the erroneous idea of being â€Å"abnormal†, â€Å"against nature†, because God didn’t make us â€Å"that way† biologically or simply because they feel repulsed by the idea of two persons of the same sex in love with each other. If they really wanted to give world peace a shot, they would have to understand that it’s a matter of different tastes and points of view. It’s something as stupid as preferring red over blue or liking both. Moreover, it’s something that you cannot decide for yourself, it’s the way you are and there’s nothing you can do about it. If there’s something imperative in order to reach world peace is that we must act out and it must start with us. To accomplish that, we have to feel comfortable with the way we are, the way we look and the way we think. If you don’t start by respecting yourself nobody will, consequently, you won’t be able to accept others as they are. Therefore there will never be peace amongst us. Peace has to start at home. It has to be taught to us since we’re little so we can grow with those ideals, and not with the ones we currently have, those of revenge, challenge, greed and arrogance. As this would never happen by itself, we would have to live in a Hitler-like regime where we would have to think and believe the same things so as to be equal. To be all raised this way would be difficult, robot-like, monotonous, very boring and would bring with it problems such as rebellions which are far away from being a peaceful act. Equality is a very important concept when talking about peace. There shan’t be difference between a man and a woman. It’s the only thing that would make us stop fighting amongst each other since there would be nothing to fight about. We would have to own the same things and basically have the same knowledge as your mate next door, and do you know what we call this? : Communism. If you think about this, it wouldn’t even work because now we know that there are some things that exist which we won’t be able to have when we live under this regime. Maybe in a completely new generation. If this were possible, we would have to have the same ideas or else there’d be the risk of creating new political movements, which would again disagree with this way of thinking. It’s a never-ending circle. This is something that also happens with religion. There have been numerous attempts of reaching world peace but obviously they have failed because of the different ways of seeing things. Religions will never come to an agreement with each other. Religions have actually caused more conflicts, separation and wars rather than peace. Which I must say is quite ironic. By now you should have noticed that world peace is an issue that can never come to an end because people’s opinions vary a lot and it’s a shame that we will never be able to walk down the street without being judged. But then again, is world peace what we really want?

Causes of Political Disaffection and Disengagement

Causes of Political Disaffection and Disengagement Is the British political class to blame for political disaffection and disengagement? The Founding Fathers suggested that a democracy can only come to impartial decisions if both high levels of representation and deliberation take place (Gargarella, 1998). As a result of growing political disengagement and disaffection within contemporary British politics, there is a growing, â€Å"focus on the quality of representative democracy in Britain and on the quality of participatory democracy† (Kelso, 2007, p365) – the relationship that has been recognised is that political disaffection and disengagement are not conducive with an impartial democracy. Worryingly, both the Hansard Society’s annual, ‘Audit of Political Engagement’ (2017), and a recent House of Commons briefing paper, ‘Political disengagement in the UK: who is disengaged?† (2017), suggest that political disaffection and disengagement are growing issues; knowledge of politics is down six percent from the previous year (49%), the level of trust in Government ‘to put the needs of the nation first’ has dropped to 17% (2013) and trust in the credibility of MPs stands at a measly 9%. These figures indicate that there is indeed an issue of disaffection and disengagement within the UK, thus, to determine if the political class or instead, something else is responsible, it becomes necessary to investigate what the cause of disengagement and disaffection is within specific subsections of the population; especially those who are more likely to become disengaged from politics – the ‘disaffected democrats’ (Flinders, 2015). These factions include demographics such as the ‘working class’ and ‘18-24 year olds’, both of which account for low levels of knowledge in politics compared to the average mentioned above; 29% and 33% respectively (Hansard Society 2017). The term ‘political class’ is contentious and, ‘is still not thoroughly developed in literature’ (Manolov 2013). Allen & Cairney’s, ‘What do we mean when we talk about the â€Å"Political Class†?’ (2015), offers the best practical definition; that the term political class is used to identify certain, ‘flawed characteristics’, that elected politicians tend to hold, those being: Limited roots in local constituencies, inexperience of the real world, inability to reï ¬â€šect the social background of the voting population, inability to represent devolved and English regions, and their tendency to engage in a style of politics that is off-putting to the general public.(Allen & Cairney, 2015, p18  ) The general view that the working class currently have of politicians is one of ‘cynicism’ (Manning & Homes 2012). Within a study conducted by Manning & Holmes (2012), members of the working class gave opinions on how the political class cannot represent them – one member of the survey describing David Cameron, the then PM as followed: â€Å"he’s snooty†¦ [h]e’ll not really be interested in ordinary, what I class ordinary people† (Manning & Holmes, 2012, p.483). This line of narrative makes total sense as there is no sense of ‘descriptive representation’ (Pitkin, 1967) for most elected MPs. For example, just 3% of MPs elected in 2015 came from an occupational background described as ‘manual work’ (House of Commons Library 2016), whilst the proportion of the population that lies within the social class of manual workers (DE) stands at 25% (NRS, 2016). Moreover, the annual wage for the working class sits below  £20,000 (Manning & Holmes, 2012) whilst the base annual salary of an MP starts at  £76,011 (Parliament.uk, 2017). It would be fair to say that there is a huge socio-economic disparity between the two classes which makes it hard for the working class to believe that they are truly represented within Parliament. This idea has been explored thoroughly in regard to the descriptive representation of women; Phillips (1995), most notably suggested that the electorate tends to favour those that are, â€Å"best equipped to represent† (Wà ¤ngerud, 2009, p.52), their views – those that can empathise directly with their electorate. Underrepresentation is an issue for a much wider demographic than just the working class. Just 8% of MPs identify as BME (British Future, 2017) whilst the population of BME citizens in the UK stands at 13% (Census, 2011). Furthermore, just 2% of MPs are under the age of 30 (Total Politics, 2016) whereas those who are of voting age under 30 make up 8.4% (Census, 2011). As the political class is not representative of the working class, or if it fails to represent minorities proportionally, there is no sense of, ‘impartiality’, within the representative process (Gargarella, 1998), resulting in political disaffection and potentially even disengagement. Whilst Pinkleton & Austin (2004) suggest that political disaffection leads to political disengagement, in evaluation, there is evidence to suggest that although disaffection is significant within the UK, the same cannot be said for political disengagement. Flinders (2015) argues that the current political climate is not, ‘anti-political’ –   that is it is not in favour of disengaging from politics – but that it is, ‘anti-establishment’ – disaffected from contemporary politics and the nature of the institution of the political class. Whilst statistics previously mentioned indicate that the levels of political knowledge within the working class are relatively low (29% vs. social class AB returning 71%), voter turnout in the 2017 General Election is only slightly lower than the highest ranking social class; DE’s 61% in comparison to AB’s 73% (IPSOS Mori, 2017). This would then indicate that even though the working class feel s disaffection towards politics, they remain involved in the political process. This seems to be the case more generally; more and more people are involving themselves in politics. Party membership numbers are ever increasing with the Labour party holding a 38 year high of 552,000 members (June 2017) and the Liberal Democrats a 24 year high of 102,000 (June 2017) (House of Commons Library, 2018). The logical question therefore; why is this the case amongst the working class and society in general? Birch (2016) reiterates the assumption that the [re]mobilisation of certain cleavages within politics indicates that a, â€Å"new issue has galvanised a previously political quiescent sector of the population† (p.107). This is reflected in the 2015 YouGov analysis of the General Election in which, the data within the social class ‘DE’ shows a shift away from the Conservatives (a vote share of 29%, their lowest amongst any social class) and one towards the alternatives of Labour and UKIP (37% and 18% respectively). A vote for Labour, whilst not as obviously as a vote for UKIP, could still very well be a vote against the political class. Mills (1958) specification of the political class as the, ‘political directorate’, places greater influence on the role of Cabinet above both Government and naturally Parliament. Following Mills’ terminology, a vote against the, ‘political directorate’, would be any party that would topple the current Cabinet. Thus, as Labour offer the most immediate alternative to the, ‘political directorate’, in a UK that is converging upon a two-party system (Prosser, 2018), a vote for them could also be interpreted as a rejection of the current political class; proof of political disaffection but not of disengagement. A stronger argument for disaffection being the fault of the political class would be the rise in support for UKIP. Nigel Farage, former leader and ardent supporter of UKIP, ran on a campaign revolving around the political class, ‘selling us out’, due to them being, ‘career politicians’ (GE 2015 & Brexit referendum 2017), drawing a clear line between the electorate and, ‘them’, (the political class). As well as furthering the argument of a lack of descriptive representation causing political disaffection, Farage’s campaign platform highlights an issue Crouch outlined in Post-Democracy (2004); career politicians are, â€Å"more concerned with meeting the needs of big business rather than ordinary citizens† (Jennings et al., 2016, p.880). This concept is reinforced by a survey carried out by Jennings et al, which reports that 78% of social classes C2DE believe politicians to be ‘self-serving’. This in tandem with the rise in votes for other parties, gives evidence of a growing cleavage against the political class, which although has prevented political disengagement from becoming a widespread issue amongst the working class, has cemented political disaffection within society. However, in evaluation, whilst political disaffection is self-evident, there is a systemic issue which enables the political class to unjustly receive much of the criticism. Flinders (2014, p.3) draws attention to the 1975 report, The Crisis of Democracy, which suggests that, â€Å"the demands on democratic government grow, while the capacity of democratic government stagnates†. The concept Flinders then explores in the same article is one of an, ‘expectation gap’, and, in another article, joined by Kelso, he goes on to assert that the contemporary system of Government, ‘encourages politicians to promise standards of behaviour †¦ that are unrealistic and unattainable’ (2011). Thus, when these, ‘unattainable’, promises are not kept, the result is one of disaffection as the electorate feels let down. Looking through the lens of game theory, it becomes clear as to why this is a systemic issue within contemporary UK politics. Whilst competing politicians both offer the most out of reach promises, any attempt to reduce the expectation gap by lowering the quality of promises will yield less votes, as to the electorate, the other candidates yields them a better payoff. Thus, the current scenario remains in a Nash equilibrium in which both candidates will offer a high level of promises in detriment to the expectation gap. Whilst it could be argued that the political class is at fault for offering unreasonable promises in the first places, it is to an extent only as a result of the nature of the contemporary electoral system. It can also be argued that political disaffection and disengagement are both contributed to by external factors, as opposed to just the political class. One of those external factors would be the influence of social media. Whilst this applies more to the younger generations within the electorate, the effects of social media in creating political disaffection are considerate. Yanamoto et al. (2017) report of ever increasing, ‘attack advertising’, and, ‘negative media coverage’, which perhaps foreshadowed the investigation into the activities of Cambridge Analytica (Channel 4 News, 2018). CA was more notoriously active in the Trump presidential election yet played a part in the 2016 Brexit referendum. Although there has been no leak of the explicit role CA played in the Brexit campaign, going off track record of its campaign defining ‘crooked Hilary’ slogan it developed from US Facebook data, it would be fair to suggest that the firm played a part in inflating political disaffection felt by the UK electorate. Even if CA was not directly involved, it cannot be denied that websites such as twitter, facebook and YouTube give individuals and entities a platform to spread cynicism and a rhetoric in favour of political disaffection. As suggested in Flinders (2015) individuals such as Owen Jones and Russel Brand played, ‘major roles’, in promoting a, ‘different form of politics’, engaging their audience, primarily the youth, in a narrative which revolved around the idea that, ‘the nature of British democracy’ was one of failure. Yanamoto et al (2017) found that cynicism like this, did not yield in disengagement from politics but rather, it, ‘foster[ed]’, a sense of desire to create change. In evaluation, social media is only a means of venting and publicising the original disaffection held by the electorate – disaffection which has been created by the political class. Bibliography Allen, P. & Cairney, P., 2015. ‘What do we mean when we talk about the â€Å"political class†?’. Political Studies Review, 2017, Vol.15(1), pp.18-27. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1478-9302.12092 Birch, S., (2016). ‘Our new voters: Brexit, political mobilisation and the emerging electoral cleavage’. Juncture, 2016, Vol.23 (2), p.107-111. Available from: http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=1b6a5f7d-88e1-4a87-93c5-b91d1acc55b3%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=118114895&db=bth British Future. ‘52 minority MPs to sit in ‘most diverse UK parliament ever’’. London: British Future. Available from: http://www.britishfuture.org/articles/52-minority-mps-to-sit-in-most-diverse-uk-parliament-ever/ Channel 4 News., 2018. ‘Exposed: undercover secrets of Trump’s data firm’. London: Channel 4. Available from: https://www.channel4.com/news/exposed-undercover-secrets-of-donald-trump-data-firm-cambridge-analytica Crouch, C., 2004. Post-Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Crozier, M., Huntington, S. P., Watanuki, J., Trilateral Commission., 1975. The crisis of democracy: Report on the governability of democracies to the trilateral commission. New York : New York University Press Farage, N., (2017). I got into politics because I could see our political class in Westminster would sell us out to Europe. Available from: https://www.facebook.com/nigelfarageofficial/videos/1542379039143027/ Flinders, M., 2014. ‘Explaining Democratic Disaffection: Closing the Expectations Gap’. Governance, Vol.27(1), pp.1-8. Available from: https://bath.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=2335930000002761&institutionId=2761&customerId=2760 Flinders, M., 2015. ‘The General Rejection? Political Disengagement, Disaffected Democrats and â€Å"Doing Politics† Differently’. Parliamentary Affairs, 2015, Vol. 68(suppl1), pp.241-254. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/pa/article/68/suppl_1/241/1403570 Flinders, M. and Kelso, A., 2011. ‘Mind the Gap: Political Analysis, Public Expectations and the Parliamentary Decline Thesis’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol.13(2), pp.249-268. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00434.x Gargarella, R. (1998). ‘Full Representation, Deliberation and Impartiality’, in J. Elster (ed.), Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–37 Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 2016. Social background of MPs 1979-2017. London: House of Commons Library. Available from: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7483/CBP-7483.pdf Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 2017. Political disengagement in the UK: who is disengaged?. London: House of Commons Library. Available from: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7501/CBP-7501.pdf Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 2018. Membership of UK political parties. London: House of Commons Library. Available from: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05125/SN05125.pdf The Hansard Society, 2017. Audit of Political Engagement 14. London: The Hansard Society. (The 2017 Report). Available from: https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/research/audit-of-political-engagement IPSOS Mori, 2017. How Britain voted in the 2017 elections. London: IPSOS Mori. Available from: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2017-06/how-britain-voted-in-the-2017-election_2.pdf Jennings, W., Stoker, G., and Twyman, J., 2016. ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain.’ Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 69(4), pp. 876-900. Available from: https://academic-oup-com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/pa/article/69/4/876/2468902 Kelso, A., 2007. ‘Parliament and Political Disengagement: Neither waving nor Drowning.’ The Political Quarterly. Vol 78(3), p. 364-373. Available from: https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2007.00865.x Manolov, G. L., 2013. ‘The Political Class – Defintion and Characteristics’. Slavak Journal of Political Sciences, Vol. 13(No. 1), pp.5-23. Available from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/sjps.2013.13.issue-1/issue-files/sjps.2013.13.issue-1.xml Mills, C. W., (1958). The Power Elite. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 225-42. National Readership Survey, 2017. Social Grade. London:   Publishers Audience Measurement Company Ltd. Available from: www.nrs.co.uk/nrs-print/lifestyle-and-classification-data/social-grade/ Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2011. ‘Census aggregate data’. UK Data Service. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-2011-1 Pinkleton, B. E. & Austin, E. W., 2004. ‘Media perceptions and public affairs apathy in the politically inexperienced’. Mass Communication & Society, Vol.7(3), 319–337. Available from: https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327825mcs0703_4?needAccess=true Pitkin, H., 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press Phillips, A., 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press Prosser, C., 2018. ‘The strange death of multi-party Britain: the UK General Election of 2017.’ West European Politics. 26 January 2018, p.1-11. Available from: https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1080/01402382.2018.1424838?needAccess=true Wà ¤ngerud, L., 2009. ‘Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation.’ The Annual Review of Political Science. Vol.12(1), pp.51-69. Available from: https://www-annualreviews-org.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839 Whale, S., 2016. ‘The under-30 club: Life in the Commons for Britains youngest MPs’. Total Politics. London: Total Politics. Available from: https://www.totalpolitics.com/articles/features/under-30-club-life-commons-britains-youngest-mps

Free College Essays - Quest for Freedom in Robin Hood :: Robin Hood Essays

Robin Hood – Quest for Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robin Hood, by Paul Creswick, is a story of great triumph.   Many people    know the myth of Robin Hood, but they do not know the life of Robin Hood.   It is a    good novel to read if the reader likes stories of a true legend.   Also, it is a novel that    deals with friendship, motivation, action, bravery, and love.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel is primarily based on friendship.   The friends that Robin makes    and the camaraderie they share makes this a terrific book.   Living in the forest, away    from the law, they are all outlaws and they are all there for each other when trouble    presents its self.   One example is when one of the outlaws, Little John,is about to be    hung, the rest of the crew risked life and limb to save his life.   A few of the    members even died trying to help Little John escape, but they all knew that was the    meaning of friendship.   When one of the outlaws was sick or wounded, someone    always stayed with them and made sure he got better.   With their friendship came    trust.   All of the outlaws knew that they could trust each other, no matter what the    situation presented.   If one of the outlaws went into the city to buy goods, the others    knew that he would not run off with the money or tell the Sheriff where they were    hiding.   A good example of that is when Will Stutely had a falling out with the    gang. He went and worked in the sheriff’s kitchen as a cook, and even though he    had left the gang and was employed by the law, he still kept the hiding place secret    and told noone the where abouts of Robin Hood.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason the novel is good to read is the motivation the gang has.      Their primary motivator is freedom.   Everything they do is to try to gain freedom    from the crooked king.   They live in caves throughout the woods and sleep on the    hard ground because they are just glad to be free there.   In the forest, they make    their own laws and obide by them strictly.   If someone does not obey the laws set by    the gang, then they are kicked out of the forest and must live in the non-democratic    city and give up their freedom.   Once the gang leaves the forest though, they have

History, Race, and Violence in the Arena of Reproduction Enslavement. :: Essays Papers

History, Race, and Violence in the Arena of Reproduction Enslavement. In 1997, Dorothy Roberts wrote a salient book titled Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Roberts explicates the crusade to punish Black women—especially the destitute—for having children. The exploitation of Black women in the U.S. began in the days of slavery and, appropriately enough, Roberts introduces her first chapter with an illustrative story: When Rose Williams was sixteen years old, her master sent her to live in a cabin with a male slave named Rufus. It did not matter that Rose disliked Rufus "cause he a bully." At first Rose thought that her role was just to perform household chores for Rufus and a few other slaves. But she learned the true nature of her assignment when Rufus crawled into her bunk one night: "I says , ‘What you means, you fool nigger?' He say for me to hush de mouth. ‘Dis my bunk, too,' he say." When Rose fended off Rufus's sexual advances with a poker, she was reported to Master Hawkins. Hawkins made it clear that she had no choice in the matter: De nex' day de massa call me and tell me, "Woman, I's pay big money for you,and I's done dat for de cause I wants yous to raise me chillens. I's put you to live with Rufus for dat purpose. Now, if you doesn't want whippin' at de stake, yous do what I wants. Rose reluctantly acceded to her master's demands: I thinks ‘bout massa buyin' me offen de block and savin' me from bein' sep'rated from my folks and ‘bout bein' whipped at de stake. Dere it am. What am I's to do? So I ‘cides to do as de massa wish and so I yields. The story of control of Black reproduction begins with the experiences of slave women like Rose Williams. Black procreation helped to sustain slavery, giving slave masters an economic incentive to govern Black women's reproductive lives. Slave women's childbearing replenished the enslaved labor force: Black women bore children who belonged to the slaveowner from the moment of their conception. This feature of slavery made control of reproduction a central aspect of white's subjugation of African people in America. It marked Black women from the beginning as objects whose decisions about reproduction should be subject to social regulation rather than to their own will. (22-23) Once slavery was abolished Black people no longer had to worry about their children being the property of slaveowners, or anyone else.

Cultivating an Affirmation of the Past in the Poem “Digging”

The significance of the past is given an affirmation in the poem, â€Å"Digging,† written by Nobel Prize awardee Seamus Heaney. The persona in the poem takes a nostalgic trip into his past, reminiscing about the old days when he watched and participated in potato farming with his father and grandfather. Both men handle toil and hard work with excellence; this is emphasized when the persona states his admiration for the grace and competence exhibited by the men: â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade/Just like his old man. † (15-16) However, the demarcation line between the persona and his earlier generation is clearly defined early on.In the first two lines of the poem, he establishes the idea that he is a writer; a man who prefers handling a pen, symbolizing academic and artistic profession, over a handling a spade, symbolizing hard labor, â€Å"Between my finger and my thumb/The squat pen rests; snug as a gun. † (lines 1-2) Nevertheless, the value and p ride of each separate work is equally praised by the persona. He conveys the idea that there is no difference if one uses a pen, or a spade in work, no difference when one plows a field or scribbles on paper. The only important thing is the love and passion one dedicates to one’s profession or work.

Ballad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall

In the poem Ballad of Birmingham, Mr. Randall uses of element of paradox to illustrate the incidents of the mother’s verdict, and also her concern for the benefit of her beloved young child. It looks peculiar that this kid would even be acquainted with what a freedom march is, but this would be deemed ordinary back in 1960's, when Mr. Martin Luther King Jr. had meetings and protest marches to free the African American inhabitants from inequity and isolation. I feel the mother would be the one who would covet to land at the march to free her populace, not the child.In the first canto element of absurdity is used so as to make reading the poem more mesmerizing. The circumstance in this first stanza is also vital. The little child is in a worried situation and wants to assist better the lives of the African Americans. The spokesperson is letting the reader to construct an element of visualization of one fussy march in Birmingham. But, you realize plus I, that with peace processio ns and gatherings come aggression and resentment. This is truly what the little girl’s mother is scared of; this is why she will not permit her to attend the march.Moreover, one more thing that strikes me as a hilarious element is that her mother dresses her daughter in her best attire to go to cathedral with her. The narrator's style explains the reader the delight and joy that the mother obtains in her child's appearance. Something else that is sarcastic transpires in the 6th stanza. The mother smiled to make out that her child was in the holy place, but that contentment was the final smile to appear on her face. This stanza is sardonic because if the mother deems her daughter is going to be in a sacred place, why would this be the ultimate moment she would ever smile?First, there is a touch of childishness in the first stanza. The little child tries to perform good and childlike to her mother, in the case that her mother could allow her to reach to the march. Secondly, the re is the sense of worry for her child's wellbeing. After that, there is the tone of pleasure in the 5th verse and in the first portion of the 6th stanza. Her mother receives satisfaction and joy in getting her offspring ready to go to Minster. She is also cheerful that her darling child is going to church rather than leaving to the march.But, if you observe, in the 7th stanza that tone of elation at once converts to angst and lonesomeness. The mother does not recognize what to accomplish. The mothers tone in the ending lines of the poem presents the reader a sentiment of unhappiness and culpability. The term baby the mother exploits connotes the mother’s warmth for her missing daughter. I don't know how, but for any explanation her mother thinks that something has happened to her baby, so she jogs through the roads of Birmingham, Alabama calling for her daughter. She clawed through fragments of glass and brick, and then picked out her child's shoe.From this finding the mothe r discerns that she has lost her daughter eternally. To sum up, for my part this poem was brilliantly written for the simple truth that Randall is not frightened to brazen out the problems that these two civilizations had amid them. He portrays things that had happened in this stretch of time to convey his point vibrantly to the reader. Works Cited Randall Dudley, Ballad of Birmingham, (1969), on the bombing of a church in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963, retrieved on December 7, 2006 from http://www. ctadams. com/dudleyrandall4. html

Broad History of Culinary Arts

Renita Thornton Chef Jerome Culinary 1010 18 February 2013 A Broad History of the Culinary Arts Introduction Culinary arts describe the art involving the preparation and cooking of foods. Culinary artists are usually responsible for preparing meals skillfully, which implies that the food made is appealing to the eye and the palate. The culinary arts history dates back from 1800s, when the first school in Boston involved in teaching the art of cooking became discovered. Various changes have taken place in the culinary arts from the discovery time to the present.For instance, various cooking methods are continuously being discovered. Although cooking was once taken as a household chore supposed to be carried out by women as men worked in the field, it has presently developed and has become a world’s wonder and highly attracting both men and women due to its ability to provide incomes. Today, cooking is not just a hobby but also a job to the American people. In this paper, I will discuss the evolution of the culinary arts commencing in the prehistoric times to the present. The history o f culinary arts dates back to 1800s, a time when the first cooking school became established in Boston.The cooking school established in Boston taught students how to prepare different foods and prepared them on passing knowledge to others. The Boston cooking school was a chief contributor in the creativeness of culinary professionals everywhere. However, more schools began popping up, and up to now, there are about 21,000 universities teaching culinary arts programs (Toussaint-Samat 29). Apart from the immense contribution of Boston cooking school, another vast contributor to the early culinary arts is Fannie merit book on American culinary arts and recipes.This book became published in 1896; it became the first ever official cookbook in America. During the time, the book became highly demanded since every household demanded the book as it was valued and used in every day’s life. This original book of cooking is still utilized in the present age as a reference in the cooking profession (Glazer 103). The next phase involving the history of culinary arts describes the culinary arts being taken to the television, in 1946, where the father of American cuisine; also known as James Beard held regular classes of cooking.This gave lesson to individuals desiring to know more regarding the cooking profession. The appearance of cooking lessons in the television brought a lot of changes to the cooking profession. Individuals desiring to become cooks became inspired since one was not required to pay anything in order to learn how to prepare and cook various cuisines; all that a person required was listening to cooking lessons on the television and then applying the learnt lessons practically. Many people did not understand how to prepare certain recipes not until there were free classes on televisions.In the 1800’s, people had the mentality that cooking was meant for women and participation of men in the cooking became deemed as a failure of man’s res ponsibility. However, in the early 1900’s, people commenced appreciating the art of cooking with the emergence of industries. The emergence of businesses such as tourist hotels made cooking become a vast profession that could hold almost all individuals regardless whether one was a female or male (Mondschein 49). This exceedingly gave the culinary arts a bit of professionalism, although not to a vast deal. Later, in 1946, the Culinary Institute of America became established.The establishment of the Culinary Institute of America brought changes in the professionalism of cooking. Since the institute is non-profit organization, it was capable of supporting professionalism in cooking without the objective of making a profit. This made most individuals join the cooking professionalism. Unlike the earlier days, most men joined the cooking profession. The college still offers professional education in cooking. Training materials, videos and books from the college have been used to t rain professionals and non-professionals in cooking.Cooking techniques have changed over time, due to interaction between various individuals. For instance, the interaction between the Americans and Africans has led to learning of new techniques of cooking embraced by the different groups (Strauss 43). In the same way, the interaction of Americans with the Asians has led to the adoption of new cooking techniques (Labensky 36). Also, new techniques have developed with the advance of time; traditional cooking techniques have been replaced by new techniques that are still emerging with the advancement of the cooking profession.ConclusionCulinary art involves the art of preparing and cooking different cuisines. Various changes have taken place in the culinary arts from the discovery time to the present. For instance, various cooking methods are continuously being discovered. Although cooking was once taken as a household chore supposed to be carried out by women as men worked in the fie ld, it has presently developed and has become a world’s wonder and highly attracting both men and women due to its ability to provide incomes. Changes have occurred in the cooking techniques emanating from the advancement of the cooking profession and integration of communities.Works Cited Labensky, Steven. The Prentice Hall Dictionary of Culinary Arts.Upper Saddle River, N. J: Pearson/Prentice Hall Books, 2006. Print. Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Internet resource. Glazer, Francine S. Blended Learning: Across the Disciplines, Across the Academy. Sterling, Va: Stylus, 2012.Print. Mondschein, Ken. Food and Culinary Arts. New York, NY: Ferguson, 2009.Print. Strauss, G L. M. Philosophy in the Kitchen: General Hints on Food and Drink. S. l: Vintage Cookery Books, 2008. Print.

Wealth of the Nation and the First Industrial Revolution

Wealth has had many factors that contribute to the meaning given by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2009), which defines wealth as â€Å"abundance of material possessions or resources.†In the early part of the United States, depending on the location in the continent, wealth was determined by different factors, especially after the Industrial Revolution.   In the South, with slavery abounding, wealth was not just about the land owned, or the crops sold, but it included the number of slaves that the plantation owner had on the plantation.In the North, the industrial revolution and technology grew and wealth was based on the type of product, number manufactured, monopoly of the industry, and innovation and development of new machines (A Coming Industrial Change, 6; Johnson, 35; Mr. Lloyd’s Book on Trusts, 23; Smith, 256; Topic of the Times, 6; The New Orleans Exposition, 4; The World’s Exposition, 3).Just like wealth, the industrial revolution took on many aspect s and was defined in many different ways depending on the location in the world.   While Britain and Western Europe really started the industrial revolution, the United States quickly took over as the leading innovator and wealthiest nation.However, it was not long before Japan and China were imitating the industrialized countries, and trying to gain in the revolution and wealth that was to be had by all.   The belief was that the Japanese could â€Å"copy ‘any pattern or design more accurately and skillfully than any other artisan in the world’† (What the Country Has Achieved During the Last Forty Years, 29).In the United States, the wealth and industrial revolution were separated in terms of North and South.   The North brought in machines and new technologies to help them use the products of the South.   Factories were created and manufacturing of goods began and refined in the following years.The export to other countries increased as did the wealth a nd educational facilities of the north and mid-west.   With the factories at optimum efficiency of the time, and more settlers moving west, the next logical step in the north was the creation of railroads (A Coming Industrial Change, 6; Johnson; Pioneer Railroad Men, 2; Topic of the Times, 6).

An Experiment to Determine Values for Velocity and Momentum

An Experiment to Determine Values for Velocity and Momentum Abstract In this experiment we determined values for kinetic energy and momentum of a system both before and after elastic and inelastic collisions. Using the values for initial velocity and mass we then calculated values for the final velocities and compared that to our experimental values. Questions Answers In case of elastic collisions, what would happen if m1 is much, much larger than m2? Conversely, what would happen if m1 is much, much smaller than m2? If m1 is much larger than m2 the loss of momentum for m1 will be close to 0. For our experiment m1 will have a final velocity that is very close to it’s initial velocity (consistent with the maintained momentum). The final velocity of m2 will be greater than m1, as it experiences the force of m1. If m1 is much smaller than m2 it will maintain most of it’s momentum from impacting m2, but the velocity of m1 will change directions. The final velocity of m2 will be close to 0 as the force of m1 will not be great enough to overcome static friction. In your lab manual the equations 4.4 and 4.5 give the final velocities of the two objects in terms of the initial velocity and the masses. Now, are the final velocities you found in your trials consistent with these equations? For trial 1 of elastic collision, v0 = 0.3 m/s, and m1 = 250g and m2 = 250g, the formula for final velocity of m1, (v1) is calculated as: v1 = v0*((m1-m2)/(m1+m2)) v1 = 0.3*((250-250)/(250+250)) v1 = 0 v2 is calculated using the formula for v2: v2 = 2*v0*(m1/(m1+m2)) v2 = 2*0.3*(250/500) v2 = 0.3 The experimental value for v1 and v2 of trial 1 were 0 and 0.29 respectively, these values are consistent with the calculated values shown above. For trial 2 of elastic collision, v0 = 0.36 m/s, and m1 = 500g and m2 = 250g, the formula for final velocity of m1, (v1) is calculated as: v1 = v0*((m1-m2)/(m1+m2)) v1 = 0.36*((500-250)/(500+250)) v1 = 0.12 v2 is calculated using the formula for v2: v2 = 2*v0*(m1/(m1+m2)) v2 = 2*0.36*(500/750) v2 = 0.48 The experimental value for v1 and v2 of trial 1 were 0.11 and 0.46 respectively, these values are consistent with the calculated values shown above. For trial 3 of elastic collision, v0 = 0.29 m/s, and m1 = 250g and m2 = 500g, the formula for final velocity of m1, (v1) is calculated as: v1 = v0*((m1-m2)/(m1+m2)) v1 = 0.29*((250-500)/(250+500)) v1 = -0.10 v2 is calculated using the formula for v2: v2 = 2*v0*(m1/(m1+m2)) v2 = 2*0.29*(250/750) v2 = 0.19 The experimental value for v1 and v2 of trial 1 were -0.07 and 0.17 respectively, these values are consistent with the calculated values shown above. Using the velocities, make a TABLE for the momentum and kinetic energy of each PAScar before and after collision? Calculate the percent difference between TOTAL final and initial momenta and kinetic energy in each trial, and comment on the conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Initial Final % difference Trial p Ke p Ke % difference p % difference Ke Elastic m1=m2 75 22.5 72.5 21.025 3.33% 6.56% Elastic m1m2 180 64.8 170 58.95 5.56% 9.03% Elastic m1m2 72.5 21.025 67.5 15.675 6.9% 25.4% Inelastic m1=m2 115 52.9 105 22.05 8.7% 58.3% For the elastic collision trials momentum and kinetic energy are mostly conserved, ideally they would be completely conserved, but our system is not isolated. Other forces are present which prevent us from obtaining perfect results. In the inelastic collision trial momentum is still conserved (mostly) even though kinetic energy is lost, this is because momentum is not converted as kinetic energy is. The impact of the cars in the inelastic trial converts over half of the kinetic energy into thermal energy. For the elastic collision trials we do not observe this loss except for in trial 3 where the force of the magnets is not strong enough to keep the vehicles from impacting. In the inelastic collision, why do you need to measure only one final velocity? Because the masses are joined together upon impact which quickly equalizes their velocities. As the joined masses travel along the track yielding a single final velocity. In the inelastic collision, why do you think the kinetic energy is not conserved? The energy is converted to another form of energy (thermal) during the collision. Specifically, it is because the two objects are impacting one another that the kinetic energy is converted and not conserved. What physical law(s) predicts the conservation of momentum? Explain briefly and clearly. This is predicted by Newton’s 3rd law which talks about action-reaction pairs. The sum of the forces in a closed system will be 0 as each force has a force that is directly counter to it. For momentum this holds true as well because momentum is essentially a product of force. In the case of inelastic collisions, what would happen if m1 is much, much larger than m2? Conversely, what would happen if m1 is much, much smaller than m2? The formula for the final velocity of an inelastic collision is as follows: v12 = v0*(m1/(m1+m2)) Looking at the formula you can see that as you increase m1 to much larger values, m2 becomes insignificant and m1/(m1+m2) begins to approach 1, this also means that it will approach the final velocity (v12). For our purposes this indicates that the final velocity will nearly equal the initial velocity. If m1 is much smaller than m2 then m1/(m1+m2) will begin to approach 0 as will the final velocity. Imagine the PAScars m1 and m2 are both on the track, at rest, and with their bumpers touching each other. The mass m1 = 2 m2. A firecracker is placed between the bumpers and explodes, sending the PAScars in opposite directions. What was the initial momentum of the system (before the explosion)? What can you say about the final momentum of the system? The initial momentum is 0 as we know that p=mv, and the velocity of cars and firecracker was 0. The final momentum of the system will also be 0 if we were to sum each vector of momentum in the system. Conclusion The calculated values for final velocity and momentum had very low percentage error when compared to theoretical values. This is sufficient enough to illustrate the concepts of the lab. Our system for collisions was imperfect in that is was not a closed system and was therefore susceptible to outside forces.

The Structure Of Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Structure Of Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Trial courts and police departments are organized at a city as well as country levels. The statewide system has many variations, which are determined by factors like overcrowding of local jails, court congestions, problems of justice administration and differing types of crime. US Congress, FBI, Secret Service are major parts of the federal system along with defense and public attorneys, the Federal Sentencing System and US Bureau of prisons. Dealing with crimes that involve laws of immigration and income tax also come under this domain. (Criminal Justice System) This relates to the goals, values and specific procedures of applicable criminal laws. While state legislative bodies have powers to enact statutes to deal with various offenses, local legislative bodies have the power to enact ordinances creating minor offenses. However, many criminal statutes are general in nature and can be interpreted by courts at various levels. In addition, certain defenses like a defense of property, self-defense, duress, and insanity do not have any statutory basis.(Criminal Justice System) The criminal justice investigation starts with a behavioral definition of the criminal act, while criminal case processing has many stages with the involvement of different agencies at each stage. Many offenses come to the knowledge of police only after the crime has been reported, minor crimes, like traffic violations and disorderly conduct, are directly dealt by local law enforcement officers.

Report on article Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report on article - Case Study Example There are four basic management styles described in the management literature: Each of these styles has certain advantages and drawbacks, and there is no way to objectively compare their effectiveness: in some organizations directive democrats may be more successful than permissive democrats, in other organizations directive or permissive autocrats may exhibit high effectiveness, and visa versa. Effectiveness of the management style directly depends on the type of organization and nature of work performed. The style of permissive democrats seems to be the best solution for the Department of Justice filled with highly skilled professionals. The involvement in planning and decision making provides them with the sense of belongingness to work and they demonstrate more commitment in performing their duties. However, the style of permissive democrats has one essential limitation: active involvement of the subordinates in the process of decision making, coupled with lack of strict control often produces a deceptive impression that the manager adopts a laissez-faire attitude and simply does not perform his direct functions, namely controlling (Muczyk, 2004). Probably this confusion can be held responsible (at least partially) for the failure of Eileen to keep obey the rules. However, the fact that 8 other members of the team did not have similar problems with discipline suggests that Eileen's case is unique in this organizational setting. Therefore, as a new manager for strategic planning and design within the department of justice, my first step will be to closely analyze the system of relationships established and maintained by my predecessors within the team. The analysis will largely focus on defining the style of management keeping in mind that highly experienced, skilled and responsible employees do not require excessive supervision and control, unless in emergency cases. The next step will be to work individually with Eileen and her colleagues in order to find out the reasons for her misconduct. A series of individual interviews is likely to provide rich and very useful information necessary to find out whether Eileen is a victim of some subjective prejudice or stereotype or she does have some personal problems which prevent her from becoming a full member of the team. Probably, there is a person within the team that maintains negative view of Eileen and successfully promotes this view among other members of the team. At this point the manager should keep in mind that his position does not automatically make him a leader - the most influential persons within the team. The so-called 'workers of influence' theory is particularly important to understand the distinction between managers and leaders. The key

New Business Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

New Business Venture - Essay Example New Business Venture New product development therefore is one of the areas where the entrepreneurs actually have to look into the possibility of the looking into the analysis and identification of the social trends. Social trends provide a critical insight into the way the consumers in the given market. Some of the social trends which need to be explored in order to assess the probability of success for the introduction of the new products include different factors. In this given situation since the business is related with the food therefore they can different and variable factors affecting the choices of the Adam in terms of offering new products on the new menu. Since Adam is offering a menu which already offers products which are diverse, there can be different social trends which need to be explored in further details in order to successfully introduce new items on the menu, Some of the important social trends which can be added to the list in order to add items on the menu may be include: Demograph ics Understanding the demographic trends is one of the key elements in the launching of new products and services. Demographics include factors such as age, the distribution of different genders in the society, the overall population etc. For example, if the population is relatively young, it may be possible that they will be preferring more fast food rather than eating the traditional foods and if the overall ratio of population is aged, it may be quite possible that they will prefer to eat foods which are healthy and correspond to their life style. The overall growth rates in the population are also an important element to be explored in order to ensure that there will be sufficient demand for the product in the future. (Mellor, 2008). Culture Culture is an important element to be explored because it significantly influence the way people behave, act and relate themselves to certain trends in the society. Culture also outlines the overall orientation of the society towards eating out and overall attitude towards food. If it’s a culture in the society that most families tend to eat in-house, it may not be possible for the businesses to actually successfully launch new products.( Wang, 2009). It is also important to understand that the culture can play critical role in outlining the overall features of the product also. Since the existing menu suggest that Adam has taken care of the different cultural needs of the customers by offering Indian, Thai as well as other food, it is therefore important that Adam must take into consideration the overall influence of culture on the introduction of new product on the menu. Life Style Understanding life style is also another important factor which needs to be explored in order to understand as to what life style the consumers subscribe to. The lifestyle can include different factors such as family’s income and how they spend it, whether the family prefers to spend outside and in eating out as well as who m akes the spending decisions in the family. It is also important to note that the lifestyle also allow the entrepreneurs to further get an insight into how the overall changes in the lifestyle will actually affect the decision making process of the family as a whole. Health Consciousness Health consciousness can be another important social trend which Adam may need to consider in order